{"id":242,"date":"2013-11-22T15:35:51","date_gmt":"2013-11-22T14:35:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.egce.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/?p=242"},"modified":"2013-11-22T15:35:51","modified_gmt":"2013-11-22T14:35:51","slug":"conflit-genetique-et-evolution-des-chromosomes-sexuels-chez-la-drosophile-en-relation-avec-la-distorsion-de-segregation-meiotique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.egce.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/?p=242","title":{"rendered":"Conflit g\u00e9n\u00e9tique et \u00e9volution des chromosomes sexuels chez la drosophile, en relation avec la distorsion de s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation m\u00e9iotique"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nom de l’\u00e9quipe d’accueil<\/strong>
\nG\u00e9n\u00e9tique \u00c9volutive, Reproduction et Adaptation des drosophiles<\/p>\n

Responsable<\/strong>
\nCatherine Montchamp-Moreau<\/p>\n

Profil du candidat<\/strong>
\nInt\u00e9ress\u00e9(e) par l\u2019\u00e9volution des chromosomes sexuels, les conflits g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques et\/ou les probl\u00e8mes de st\u00e9rilit\u00e9 m\u00e2le li\u00e9s \u00e0 des anomalies de la m\u00e9iose<\/p>\n

Descriptif du stage<\/strong>
\nLes distorteurs de s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation sont des g\u00e8nes \u201c\u00e9go\u00efstes\u201d, qui alt\u00e8rent la m\u00e9iose ou la maturation des gam\u00e8tes des individus h\u00e9t\u00e9rozygotes de telle sorte qu\u2019ils sont transmis \u00e0 une majorit\u00e9 – parfois \u00e0 la totalit\u00e9 – des descendants. Parce qu\u2019ils n\u2019ont pas une transmission mend\u00e9lienne, les distorteurs de s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation g\u00e9n\u00e8rent des conflits intra-g\u00e9nomiques qui peuvent affecter profond\u00e9ment l\u2019\u00e9volution des g\u00e9nomes et contribuer \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9mergence de nouvelles esp\u00e8ces (1, 2,3).
\nNotre \u00e9quipe \u00e9tudie ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne chez Drosophila simulans, une esp\u00e8ce o\u00f9 des distorteurs de s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation ont \u00e9volu\u00e9 sur le chromosome X(4). Ils perturbent la s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation du chromosome Y en m\u00e9iose II, emp\u00eachant la production de sperme Y. Les m\u00e2les porteurs de produisent ainsi une descendance tr\u00e8s majoritairement femelle. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 cette transmission pr\u00e9f\u00e9rentielle les distorteurs se sont r\u00e9pandus dans l\u2019esp\u00e8ce. Cependant, les pressions de s\u00e9lection qui s\u2019exercent au sein des populations envahies tendent \u00e0 r\u00e9tablir une s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation mend\u00e9lienne et un sexe ratio \u00e9quilibr\u00e9. Des suppresseurs de la distorsion ont ainsi \u00e9volu\u00e9 sur le chromosome Y et les autosomes de D. simulans(5,6).
\nLe stagiaire participera \u00e0 nos travaux sur les suppresseurs, qui comprennent plusieurs volets :
\n– recherche des g\u00e8nes ou \u00e9l\u00e9ments g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques impliqu\u00e9s dans la suppression (cartographie g\u00e9n\u00e9tique de QTLs, validation fonctionnelle de g\u00e8nes candidats par transg\u00e9n\u00e8se)
\n– compr\u00e9hension des m\u00e9canismes mol\u00e9culaires et cellulaires de la suppression (cytog\u00e9n\u00e9tique, cytologie, transcriptomique comparative)
\n– \u00e9volution et dynamique des suppresseurs dans les populations naturelles (g\u00e9n\u00e9tique\/g\u00e9nomique des populations)
\nUn ou plusieurs de ces aspects pourront \u00eatre abord\u00e9s en stage, en fonction de l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019avancement de nos travaux et des centres d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat de l\u2019\u00e9tudiant(e)<\/p>\n

R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/strong>
\n(1) Werren and Beukeboom, 1998. Ann. Rev. Genet. Syst. 29:233-61
\n(2) Price et al., 2010. Evolution 64:1504-9
\n(3) Phadnis and Orr, 2009.Science 323:376-9
\n(4) Fouvry et al., 2011. G3 1:401-10
\n(5) Cazemajor et al., 2000. Genetic 154:229-36
\n(6) Bastide et al., 2013. Mol. Ecol. 28(9) :2461-70<\/p>\n

Mots clefs<\/strong>
\nConflit g\u00e9n\u00e9tique, chromosomes sexuels, distorsion de s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation m\u00e9iotique, balayage s\u00e9lectif.<\/p>\n

Contact<\/strong>
\ncatherine.montchamp@universite-paris-saclay.fr<\/p>\n

Dur\u00e9e (mois)<\/strong>
\n2 mois (M1)<\/p>\n

possibilit\u00e9 de stage d’\u00e9t\u00e9 (tous niveaux) : ao\u00fbt -septembre<\/p>\n

Date de publication du stage<\/strong>
\nlundi\u00a0 14 Septembre 2015<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nom de l’\u00e9quipe d’accueil G\u00e9n\u00e9tique \u00c9volutive, Reproduction et Adaptation des drosophiles Responsable Catherine Montchamp-Moreau Profil du candidat Int\u00e9ress\u00e9(e) par l\u2019\u00e9volution des chromosomes sexuels, les conflits g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques et\/ou les probl\u00e8mes de st\u00e9rilit\u00e9 m\u00e2le li\u00e9s \u00e0 des anomalies de la m\u00e9iose Descriptif du stage Les distorteurs de s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation sont des g\u00e8nes \u201c\u00e9go\u00efstes\u201d, qui alt\u00e8rent la m\u00e9iose ou 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