{"id":5910,"date":"2015-11-16T11:17:22","date_gmt":"2015-11-16T10:17:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.egce.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/?page_id=5910"},"modified":"2015-11-16T11:17:22","modified_gmt":"2015-11-16T10:17:22","slug":"adaptation-a-lhabitat-chez-les-punaises-hematophages-responsables-de-la-maladie-de-chagas-evolution-des-genes-chimiosensoriels","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.egce.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/?page_id=5910","title":{"rendered":"Adaptation \u00e0 l\u2019habitat chez les punaises h\u00e9matophages responsables de la maladie de Chagas : \u00e9volution des g\u00e8nes chimiosensoriels"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Proposition Stage M1 ou M2 2015-2016<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Adaptation \u00e0 l\u2019habitat chez les punaises h\u00e9matophages responsables de la maladie de Chagas\u00a0: \u00e9volution des g\u00e8nes chimiosensoriels<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Laboratoire d\u2019accueil\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><strong>: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>UMR Evolution, G\u00e9nomes, Comportement, Ecologie (EGCE), CNRS-IRD-Univ.Paris-Sud<\/p>\n<p>Campus CNRS, Bat 13, 91198 Gif sur Yvette<\/p>\n<p>Equipe: DEEIT (Diversit\u00e9, Ecologie et Evolution des Insectes Tropicaux)<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Encadrement du stage\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><strong>: <\/strong>HARRY Myriam, <a href=\"&#109;&#x61;&#x69;&#108;&#x74;&#x6f;&#58;&#x6d;&#x79;&#114;&#x69;&#x61;&#109;&#x2e;&#x68;&#97;&#x72;&#x72;&#121;&#x40;&#x75;&#110;&#x69;&#x76;&#101;&#x72;&#x73;i&#x74;&#x65;-&#x70;&#x61;r&#105;&#x73;-&#115;&#x61;c&#108;&#x61;y&#46;&#x66;r\">myri&#97;&#109;&#46;&#104;&#97;&#x72;&#x72;&#x79;&#x40;&#x75;&#x6e;&#x69;vers&#105;&#116;&#101;&#45;&#112;&#x61;&#x72;&#x69;&#x73;&#x2d;&#x73;&#x61;&#x63;lay&#46;&#102;&#114;<\/a>, T\u00e9l\u00a0: 01 69 82 37 40<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Descriptif du sujet\u00a0:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Contexte<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Une des causes principales de l\u2019\u00e9mergence des maladies parasitaires chez l\u2019homme est le changement d\u2019habitat des vecteurs suite \u00e0 des modifications anthropiques de l\u2019habitat originel. Concernant les punaises h\u00e9matophages vectrices de la maladie de Chagas (parasite <em>Trypanozoma cruzi<\/em>) end\u00e9mique \u00e0 l\u2019Am\u00e9rique Latine et touchant plus de 8 millions de personnes, certaines esp\u00e8ces s\u2019adaptent aux anthroposyst\u00e8mes, alors que d\u2019autres esp\u00e8ces apparent\u00e9es n\u2019ont pas ces capacit\u00e9s. Ainsi chez le genre <em>Rhodnius<\/em>, l\u2019esp\u00e8ce <em>R. prolixus<\/em> est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme totalement domicili\u00e9e alors que <em>R. robustus<\/em>, une esp\u00e8ce phylog\u00e9n\u00e9tiquement tr\u00e8s proche, visite sporadiquement les habitations humaines. D\u2019autres esp\u00e8ces vivent sur des animaux sauvages nichant dans des palmiers (Abad\u2010Franch <em>et al.<\/em>, 2005). Comment expliquer l\u2019adaptation\u00a0de certaines esp\u00e8ces ? Cette question est cruciale pour pr\u00e9dire les esp\u00e8ces pr\u00e9sentant potentiellement un risque pour l\u2019homme.<\/p>\n<p>La capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 s\u2019adapter \u00e0 un nouvel habitat pourrait \u00eatre li\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9volution du r\u00e9pertoire de g\u00e8nes importants pour la d\u00e9tection de diff\u00e9rents stimuli odorants (voir Benton, 2015). Les sensilles olfactives permettent de d\u00e9tecter la pr\u00e9sence de mol\u00e9cules chimiques volatiles mais celles-ci sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement insolubles dans l\u2019eau. Pour que ces mol\u00e9cules circulent dans la lymphe sensillaire et atteignent la membrane des neurones chimior\u00e9cepteurs, des prot\u00e9ines solubles vont lier les mol\u00e9cules odorantes de mani\u00e8re sp\u00e9cifique, les Odorant Binding Proteins (OBPs) et les Chemosensory Proteins (CSPs). Au niveau du neurone chimiosensoriel, les mol\u00e9cules odorantes sont lib\u00e9r\u00e9es au niveau des r\u00e9cepteurs ionotropiques (IR) ou olfactifs (OR) associ\u00e9s \u00e0 des cor\u00e9cepteurs (ORco). Le signal est ensuite transmis aux glom\u00e9rules, structures d\u2019int\u00e9gration des informations olfactives. Ces diff\u00e9rentes prot\u00e9ines du syst\u00e8me chimiosensoriel sont cod\u00e9es par des g\u00e8nes appartiennent \u00e0 des familles multig\u00e9niques. Des changements dans la sensibilit\u00e9 sensorielle peuvent \u00eatre dus \u00e0 des perte ou des gains de g\u00e8nes par duplication (Vieira and Rozas, 2011; Engsontia et al., 2014), \u00e0 des mutations ponctuelles (Leary et al., 2012), ou encore \u00e0 des variations d\u2019expression g\u00e9nique (McBride et al., 2014).<\/p>\n<p>Notre \u00e9quipe a particip\u00e9 au consortium international pour l\u2019annotation des CSP et OBP dans le g\u00e9nome r\u00e9cemment s\u00e9quenc\u00e9 de la punaise <em>Rhodnius prolixus<\/em> (Mesquita et al., 2015) et nous avons assembl\u00e9 un transcriptome de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour cette esp\u00e8ce (Marchant et al., 2015). Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9pertori\u00e9\u00a0: 27 OBP, 19 CSP, 79 OR et 33 IR (Mesquita et al., 2015). Notre \u00e9quipe dispose d\u2019un jeu de donn\u00e9es de s\u00e9quen\u00e7age \u00e0 haut d\u00e9bit (transcriptomique et g\u00e9nomique) chez une dizaine d\u2019esp\u00e8ces du genre <em>Rhodnius<\/em> ayant des habitats diff\u00e9rents (sylvatique, domiciliaire). Sur ce jeu de donn\u00e9es les g\u00e8nes sont annot\u00e9s pour les OBPs et CSPs.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019objectif de l\u2019\u00e9tude de ces g\u00e8nes du syst\u00e8me sensoriel est de comprendre leur \u00e9volution au sein du genre<em> Rhodnius<\/em>, et de relier cette \u00e9volution mol\u00e9culaire \u00e0 la capacit\u00e9 d\u2019adaptation \u00e0 un nouvel environnement, et le cas \u00e9ch\u00e9ant \u00e0 l\u2019histoire \u00e9volutive du genre <em>Rhodnius<\/em>. De plus, l\u2019\u00e9tude de ces g\u00e8nes chimiosensoriels ouvre en perspective l\u2019\u00e9laboration de nouvelles m\u00e9thodes de lutte contre ces vecteurs.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Objectifs du stage<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Les objectifs de ce stage seront\u00a0: i) de r\u00e9pertorier les diff\u00e9rents g\u00e8nes chimiosensoriels (OR, IR) chez les esp\u00e8ces du genre <em>Rhodnius,<\/em> ii) de proposer des sc\u00e9narios d\u2019\u00e9volution mol\u00e9culaire de ces g\u00e8nes\u00a0: identification des paralogues (nombre de copies), des isoformes (\u00e9pissage alternatif), des variants all\u00e9liques (polymorphisme) et ii) de relier la capacit\u00e9 d\u2019adaptation \u00e0 un habitat\u00a0 \u00e0 une variabilit\u00e9 de ces g\u00e8nes chimiosensoriels.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>M\u00e9thodes:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>-D\u00e9tection de g\u00e8nes chimiosensoriels : les s\u00e9quences des g\u00e8nes chimiosensoriels seront d\u00e9tect\u00e9es parmi les s\u00e9quences de chaque g\u00e9nome et transcriptome par des recherches de type BLAST et en utilisant des pipelines et scripts d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s par notre \u00e9quipe.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Sc\u00e9narios d\u2019\u00e9volution mol\u00e9culaire\u00a0: la comparaison des transcrits et des g\u00e8nes, la localisation des transcrits sur les g\u00e9nomes et l\u2019\u00e9tablissement de phylog\u00e9nie de g\u00e8nes fourniront des informations sur l\u2019\u00e9volution mol\u00e9culaires de ces g\u00e8nes chimiosensoriels. Des outils automatis\u00e9s (scripts) pourront \u00eatre d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s par la ou le stagiaire.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Des m\u00e9thodes statistiques tenant compte du signal phylog\u00e9n\u00e9tique (test des contrastes ind\u00e9pendants) seront appliqu\u00e9es<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Remarque: &#8211; <\/u><\/strong>Selon la dur\u00e9e du stage, le nombre de familles de g\u00e8nes \u00e9tudi\u00e9es sera adapt\u00e9<\/p>\n<p>Le sujet de ce stage fera l\u2019objet d\u2019une demande d\u2019allocation de th\u00e8se aupr\u00e8s d\u2019une \u00e9cole doctorale<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Comp\u00e9tences\u00a0demand\u00e9es:<\/u><\/strong> motivation \u00e0 la fouille de donn\u00e9es bioinformatiques<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u> Collaborations d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es dans le cadre du projet<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Florence Mougel, Jonathan Fil\u00e9e\u00a0: <\/strong>EGCE UMR 9191, CNRS, IRD, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Sud, Campus CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette. <em>Bioinformatique, traitement des donn\u00e9es de s\u00e9quen\u00e7age haut-d\u00e9bit<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly<\/strong>\u00a0: INRA, UMR 1392, Institut d\u2019Ecologie et des Sciences de l\u2019Environnement de Paris, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles. <em>Analyses de donn\u00e9es transcriptomiques de g\u00e8nes chemosensoriels et annotation<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Vagner Mendon\u00e7a, Aristeu J Da Rosa<\/strong>: FCF UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d , Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Laborat\u00f3rio de Parasitologia, Araraquara, Br\u00e9sil. <em>Eco-\u00e9pid\u00e9miologistes, laboratoire de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence des vecteurs de la maladie de Chagas <\/em><\/p>\n<h4><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/h4>\n<h4><strong><u>R\u00e9f\u00e9rences bibliographiques <\/u><\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Abad\u2010Franch F, Palomeque FS, Aguilar H, Miles MA 2005. Field ecology of sylvatic Rhodnius populations (Heteroptera, Triatominae): risk factors for palm tree infestation in western Ecuador. <em>Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health<\/em>, <em>10<\/em>(12), 1258-1266.<\/p>\n<p>Benton R, 2015. Multigene Family Evolution: Perspectives from Insect Chemoreceptors. T<em>rends Ecol. Evol.<\/em> 30, 590\u2013600.<\/p>\n<p>Engsontia P, Sangket U, Chotigeat W, Satasook C, 2014. Molecular Evolution of the Odorant and Gustatory Receptor Genes in Lepidopteran Insects: Implications for Their Adaptation and Speciation. <em>J. Mol. Evol.<\/em> 79, 21\u201339.<\/p>\n<p>Leary GP, Allen JE, Bunger PL, et al., 2012. Single mutation to a sex pheromone receptor provides adaptive specificity between closely related moth species. <em>PNAS,<\/em> 109, 14081\u201314086.<\/p>\n<p>Marchant A, Mougel F, Mendon\u00e7a V, Quartier M, Jacquin-Joly E, Da Rosa JA, Petit E, Harry M. 2015. Comparing de novo and reference-based transcriptome assembly strategies in Rhodnius prolixus. <em>Insect Bioch Mol Biol<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>McBride, C.S., Baier, F., Omondi, A.B., Spitzer, S.A., Lutomiah, J., Sang, R., Ignell, R., Vosshall, L.B., 2014. Evolution of mosquito preference for humans linked to an odorant receptor. <em>Nature <\/em>515, 222\u2013U151. d<\/p>\n<p>Mesquita, \u2026.Harry M, <em>et al<\/em>. 2015. The Genome of <em>Rhodnius prolixus<\/em>, an insect vector 1 of Chagas disease, reveals unique adaptations to hematophagy and parasite transmission, <em>PNAS<\/em>, in press<\/p>\n<p>Vieira, F.G., Rozas, J., 2011. Comparative Genomics of the Odorant-Binding and Chemosensory Protein Gene Families across the Arthropoda: Origin and Evolutionary History of the Chemosensory System.<em> Genome Biol. Evol<\/em>. 3, 476\u2013490.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Proposition Stage M1 ou M2 2015-2016 \u00a0 Adaptation \u00e0 l\u2019habitat chez les punaises h\u00e9matophages responsables de la maladie de Chagas\u00a0: \u00e9volution des g\u00e8nes chimiosensoriels \u00a0 Laboratoire d\u2019accueil\u00a0: UMR Evolution, G\u00e9nomes, Comportement, Ecologie (EGCE), CNRS-IRD-Univ.Paris-Sud Campus CNRS, Bat 13, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Equipe: DEEIT (Diversit\u00e9, Ecologie et Evolution des Insectes Tropicaux) \u00a0 Encadrement du stage\u00a0: [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5910","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.egce.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5910","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.egce.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.egce.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.egce.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.egce.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5910"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.egce.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5910\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.egce.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5910"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}